Socioeconomic Class and the History of South Africa :: African Africa History

Financial Class and the History of South Africa In any chronicled account sex, race, financial class and a lot more issues are intently interlaced. Indeed, to attempt to isolate them would be difficult as well as a plausible errand on the grounds that the subsequent record, albeit maybe clear, would be, best case scenario just halfway. Notwithstanding, while thinking about the historical backdrop of Southern Africa, the most incorporating record would be that of financial class. The intentions behind the chronicled occasions of Southern Africa have been firmly financial, regardless of whether the thought processes at that point evoked racial or sexual orientation based issues. In this manner, in the event that one needed to pick an approach to see South African history, it ought to be financially. The inspiration for colonization was financial. It in the long run turned out to be all the more financially proficient for the Dutch East India Company (VOC) to assemble its own port than to keep exchanging with Africans on its approach to Eastern Asia (Ross, 21). Dealings among pilgrims and Africans depended on economics, regardless of whether the association was purchasing and selling cows and sheep or a contention over the measure of land that pioneers were taking from the Xhosa. For Africans, utilizing a lot of land for nibbling one’s steers was an image of high status since it implied that you had numerous dairy cattle to eat and that you could secure a lot of land (Ross, 22). The settler’s intrusion was a financial blow. Likewise, the Great Trek was caused on the grounds that Afrikaaners felt that they didn't have the financial status they wanted. Their property was being separated into little pieces, so they concluded it is smarter to go out and find other land than to keep on living as they were in the lower class. This was no mass development of the â€Å"Afrikaaner People,† yet just various little gatherings embarking to guarantee â€Å"free† land for themselves (Ross, 39). The wars between the Africans and Trekkers at these occasions were battled as the Africans understood that these individuals were coming to remain on their region, and as the Trekkers understood that they would need to murder to keep the land they expected to make sure about riches (Ross, 40).

Health and Safety Processes at Work: Chemical Hazards

Wellbeing and Safety Processes at Work: Chemical Hazards France Ogagarue Overseeing Health and Safety Process at Work Point: Chemical Hazards 1.0 Introduction Compound Hazard under the (WHS Directives) is any material, blend or article that fulfills theâ criteria of one or extra globally orchestrated arrangement of class and classificationâ of synthetic risks classes, including (WHS Directives in plan area 6 of the order) in comparative with concoction, a substance danger is a lot of normal properties of the material, blend article or procedure that may make horrible impact the living beings, network or situations. (WHS Directives) investigation further, there are two principle sorts of synthetic risks associated with risky synthetic substances, which may introduce a moment or long haul harm or wellbeing disease to laborer prosperity and animal. The two primary kinds of concoction risks are named follows. As per (WHS Directives) wellbeing dangers, this are properties substance that contain the possibility to cause troublesome wellbeing impact, for models, introduction much of the time happen all through inward breath, and skin contacts or ingestion, negative wellbeing impact can been either, (intense present moment) or (constant long haul) great intense wellbeing impacts include migraines, spewing or skin rot, while ceaseless wellbeing impacts involve dermatitis, nerve harm, malignant growth and asthma. Further assessment from (WHS Directives) physicochemical dangers, this are physical or substance properties of the material that blend or article that misrepresentation dangers to specialist wellbeing, and other than wellbeing dangers, they don't emerge as aftereffect of the natural contact of the concoction with people groups. They emerge all through inadmissible taking care of or utilize and can as often as possible impacts in harm to people groups and additionally damage to properties as impact of the natural physical peril, models, of physicochemical dangers contain dangerous, destructive or combustible, in this manner, artificially receptive and oxidizing synthetic compounds both have wellbeing and physiochemical perilous. The board Intervention Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. second ed. (1979) concoction investigation the job of the board intercession must included hazard evaluation under (WHS Directive) in spite of the fact that it’s essential for explicit circumstance, for models, when working with dangerous compound materials. Nonetheless, the board however in numerous circumstance it will be the best method to build up the measure that must be actualize to control dangers and dangers in the work environment including the earth, (EMS-ISO 4001) BS. What's more, the board mediation will help the accompanying for models. Perceive which laborer prosperity, are in danger to concoction risks introduction Build up which sources and procedure are causing the concoction dangers and dangers Sort what sort of control and observing measure ought to be execute Check of the effectiveness of the current control measure and observing frameworks set up At the point when the dangers and the related dangers are surely understand, and have well be set up and set up reasonable satisfactory control measure to screen the perils substance chance in the workplaces, the hazard evaluation should likewise pass judgment on foreseen disappointment of plant and apparatus tooling types of gear, just as any extra control measure to keep away from the risks concoction danger of laborers, network and the earth issue in accordance with (EMS-ISO 4001) BS. 1.2. The board Best Practice Hilado, C.J. Click. Natural Solvent, Chem. Eng, NY, (1972), (19), (75-80) convictions, the executives must actualize their best security practice to mediate regarding (WHS Directives. R. 330) to guarantee the maker or the merchant must place by and by a wellbeing image of security date sheet for the dangerous substance before starting created or import unsafe concoction or as fast as best practicable after the underlying created or import and before beginning flexibly, to any work place. Along these lines, the maker or the shipper of the perilous concoction must flexibly state-of-the-art the wellbeing information sheet for the dangerous substance. 1.3 Labels NIOSH OSHA Product Guide to Chemical Hazards, (NIOSH) September (1978), Public, No, (78) investigation, the maker and the shipper of a dangerous synthetic must guarantee it’s appropriately name as fast as best practicable, after created or bringing in the perilous concoction substances under (WHS Directive. R. 335), dangerous concoction data will be available from the name, some item marks don't encase every compound peril data, and for example all risks compound substances that are perilous merchandise are full marked to meet wellbeing transport prerequisites. Underneath certain instances of wellbeing dangerous synthetic mark alerts and the sorts of unsafe perils you can essentially recognize. Combustible Acute Toxicity Warning Human Health Corrosive Sources: Http://www.HSG 65 1.4 Control Measure Delegate, N. Hughes, Hazards in the Workplace, (1978) investigation the pecking order of control of perils concoction promptly accessible in an amount of approaches to control the dangers related with risky synthetic substances, a few machines control measure are extra powerful than others, control measure can been rank beginning the most significant levels of resistance and constancy to the least levels. These positioning is perceived as the chain of importance of control measure and checking frameworks. The executives of dangers compound substance, should consistently expect to take out a perils and related dangers introductory, if these isn't sensibly best practicable, the dangers ought to be limited by methods for one or the accompanying methodology procedures either by for models, the followings. By Substitution. By Isolation and, By actualizing building control monitors. On the off chance that a hazard, at that point extras, it must be limited by execute a managerial control measure in places, so far as is sensibly best practicable methods, any extra dangers must be limited with proper individual defensive gear (PPE). In outline it’s prudent to actualize neighborhood exhaust ventilation frameworks to capture airborne sullying substance that will make dangerous concoction hurt laborers prosperity, working condition and the network the ventilation must be in security request to stop defilement of compound substance hurt from approaching contact toward the breathing zone according to the laborers wellbeing and wellbeing. 1.5 Conclusion In word related wellbeing and security, synthetic peril is any material that has be blend or article of distinction mix of concoction substance, under (WHS Directive) that can prompt reason mischief to prosperity of laborers wellbeing and wellbeing at the working spot and conditions or the network all in all. The wellbeing impact from perilous compound can add to either intense present moment or incessant long haul wellbeing impacts; along these lines, chance evaluation is vital for a particular circumstance to deal with the dangers synthetic substance inside the working spot to perceive which specialist in danger to unsafe concoction. In this way, chain of command of control proportion of dangers concoction issue have be actualizes in the working spot to screens and limited the dangers level of laborers open to the above perils, the dangers control measure must intend to wipe out the dangers and risks related the compound substances either by the accompanying ways, by replacement, s eclusion or executing building or an authoritative control measure including the utilization of suitable individual defensive gear (PPE)

Surprising Research Results

Surprising Research Results Perhaps the most interesting research is the work that surprises, startles, and really makes you think. On the train on the way back from a conference at Princeton, I read two articles in todays New York Times which discussed just that kind of research from MIT. The first article, about genomics research, had the following teaser on the front page: A Later Split From Chimps?The split between the human and chimpanzee lineages may have occurred millions of years later than fossil bones suggest, and the break may not have been as clean as humans might like. The study from the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard was headed up by David Reich (also an assistant professor in the Department of Genetics at Harvard Medical School) and Nick Patterson (the first author) was published in this weeks issue of the journal Nature. The Times has a very good explanatory graphic: Its definitely worth reading more: Broad press release News @ Nature Nobel Intent blog (with interesting discussion) New York Times article The second article dealt with economics research on the controversial topic of executive compensation. Professors Xavier Gabaix of the Economics department at MIT and Augustin Landier of the Stern School of Business at New York University went beyond the hype to see what is really going on with salaries of CEOs in the Fortune 500. Heres a bit from the article: [Professors Gabaix and Landier] suggest that the higher salaries for chief executives can largely be explained by increases in the value of the stock market. Viewed as a whole, the salaries are a result of competitive pressures rather than the exploitation of shareholders. Their core argument is simple. If we look at recent history, compensation for executives has risen with the market capitalization of the largest companies. For instance, from 1980 to 2003, the average value of the top 500 companies rose by a factor of six. Two commonly used indexes of chief executive compensation show close to a proportional sixfold matching increase (the correlation coefficients are 0.93 and 0.97, respectively; 1.0 would be a perfect match). This work also merits further reading. Check it out: The papers abstract The entire paper [PDF] Marginal Revolution blog (with interesting discussion) New York Times article [more updates omnibus soon]

Essay on Kevin Rudds Apology Analysis - 1179 Words

Analysis: Aspect One Kevin Rudd’s apology was to the Aboriginals; but in particular, to the Stolen Generations. From 1909-1969, the Australian Government forced a policy know as assimilation upon the Aboriginals. Assimilation is the forced integration of minority groups onto the dominant society. Inhumane acts were inflicted upon these proud people because of the ‘Aborigines Protection Board’ which entailed that the Australian Government had full rights to forcibly remove half-caste children from Aboriginal care without parental consent nor a court order. When the Australian Government passed these laws of discrimination against the Aborigines, they never thought of them as human beings but rather an inferior race that had to be taken†¦show more content†¦This is why we said sorry. There is a famous Australian film called â€Å"The Rabbit Proof Fence† released in 2002 and is based on the book â€Å"Follow the Rabbit Proof Fence† written by Doris Pilkington Garimara to tell the story of the Stolen Generations from the Aboriginal point of view. It is based on the true story of the events of the author’s mother’s life and raises awareness of the plight of the Stolen Generations. The film follows three young â€Å"half-caste† girls. Molly Craig, 14, her sister Daisy, 8 and their cousin, Gracie, 10, were living peacefully in Jigalong, Western Australia. In the opening of the film, the three girls are learning how to hunt for lizards by their mother. It highlights the traditional Aboriginal culture in contrast with the Western culture (shown later in the film). When the children arrive back home, they are carefully observed by a police officer from afar. They are seen chatting to a man who is working on one of three rabbit proof fences. These fences were 3,253 kilometres in length and spans across Western Australia. It is here that we learn Molly’s father is white and has left their mother to work on another section of the rabbit proof fence. Suddenly, a white constable, under the command of the Chief Protector of Aborigines, A.O Neville, arrives and forces the three girls in an automobile with their family chasing after the carShow MoreRelatedIndigenous Speeches Research Essay798 Words   |  3 PagesSpeeches are an iconic and widely used means of expression for our political leaders, particularly when discussing issues of i mportance such as Indigenous Australia. Paul Keating’s ‘Redfern Speech’ and Kevin Rudd’s ‘Apology to Australia’s Indigenous Peoples’ are the two political speeches which I will be analysing in this paper. The structure of this paper will follow the Cultural Competency Framework as a means for exploring the above stated speeches. This framework moves through knowledge; informedRead MoreIdentification and Description of the Influences and Discourses Surrounding the Development of Different Educational Curricula1361 Words   |  6 Pagespolitically-motivated language and emphasis for social equity and social justice further enforced, then prime Minister, Kevin Rudd’s proposed ‘education revolution’, which aimed to embrace the ‘Australian’ ‘fair go for all’ mentality and provide a meaningful, enriching education to all (MCEETYA, 2008; Reid, 2009). The emphasis on social justice at this given time, is further promoted by Rudd’s iconic apology to Indigenous Australians on the 13th February 2008 (Australian Government, 2014). Through encompassingRead MoreIndigenous Speeches: Exploration of the Mabo Case, Stolen Generation and Reconciliat ion1822 Words   |  8 PagesExploration of the Mabo Case, Stolen Generation and Reconciliation Both Keating’s and Rudd’s speeches are firmly based on the ideas of recognition and reconciliation for the wrongs that European settlers, and their decedents, have inflicted on Indigenous Australians. To explore this idea I believe that it is necessary to take a closer look at both the plight of Eddie Mabo and the stories of the Stolen Generation. The Mabo Case Eddie Mabo is widely known for his plight to regain land rights forRead MoreSocial Determinants of Health10939 Words   |  44 PagesAboriginal Tent Embassy in Canberra, the creation of the Aboriginal flag by Harold Thomas in 1971, and the beginning of civil rights and land rights legislation. Indigenous people in Australia are still grappling with the effects of colonisation. Kevin Gilbert (1977), in LivingBlack, stated that as invasion occurred, Aborigines began to sicken physically and psychologically: [T]hey were hit by the full blight of an alien way of thinking. They were hit by the intolerance and uncomprehending barbarism

A Deadly Mistake Uncovered on Apa Research Report Format and How to Avoid It

A Deadly Mistake Uncovered on Apa Research Report Format and How to Avoid It The Basics of Apa Research Report Format The very first goal of every introduction is going to be to herald to the readers that something serious which must be managed properly in the body of the expression paper. The experiment will test if a person could keep giving electric shocks to a different person simply because they are told to achieve that. There is not an easy path to success. Since you are going to learn from looking through any superior research paper example, writing an excellent paper involves so far more than simply throwing a whole lot of text and citations into a word processor and hoping for the very best. Writing research paper isn't only merely a compilation of related literature that could support the argument you're trying to raise, the findings you're trying to get, or the question you're trying to reply. Thus, your introduction ought to be clear and precise. The subject of your paper and the selected literature ought to be adjacent. The format to be used is related to the topic that you have chosen. Explain briefly the significant points you want to cover in your paper and why readers ought to be interested in your topic. You should naturally know that the very first reader is the writer. The discussion area is the point where the analysis and interpretation of the outcomes are written. Your principal concern must be to make sure that your materials are only introductory and your readers have been adequately considered. Your attitude to the topic may well decide on the amount of work and enthusiasm which you put into your research. For the aims of this class, you'll be doing a simple correlational study. Dwelling just on the introduction is not a simple job. There's a format for every person to follow for the simplicity of understanding. The New Fuss About Apa Research Report Format The report could consist of relevant metrics concerning the company itself, like the variety of years they've been in operation in addition to the names of important stakeholders, together with statistics about the present condition of the market where the provider participates. You may be interested in service report examples. You should beware of using information on the internet that isn't cited as there isn't any system of peer review and data can be quite inaccurate. Information regarding overall profitability along with the intended use of the funds may also be included. Research memos differ depending on the area they target. Make a list of information that you want to put in your research report. In the era of the web, it is getting increasingly important to make certain that your research are available, both on the web and on university intranet search facilities. The point of a business research report is to supply business executives information or data pertaining to a particular topic or area. The Pain of Apa Research Report Format If you aren't mindful of APA requirements just type in Google (or some other search engine) APA format and you are certain to find a lot of results. Most widely utilised in the post is just one of the studies and text without page header. APA format is well-known among students owing to its simple guidelines and approach. Adhere to the APA guideline for particular format. No citation is required in the References. When you learn the right format, you won't have to be concerned about how to prepare your written assignments. The papers might be rejected if they don't apply the APA format. Based on the subject of your research, you might have to use distinctive trends of formatting. Some of us will read the summary and just skim the report, so make certain you include all the appropriate details. A research report is a sort of form that is chiefly processed by analysts or strategists. Keep on reading through the short article and learn to compose an outstanding research report. Of three distinct reports writing reports. Research reports contain a normal set of elements that have The next research report illustrates report format and supplies examples of the sorts of material within the respective sections of an experimental document. Thus, when creating research reports, it is critical to have a suitable format. You might also take a look at quality report examples. Normal structure of writing guidelines for instance, revised according to compose scientific reports. You also ought to know that any prudent writer won't ever supply you with a comprehensive sample term paper. Be specific with the type of research memo you will put into writing. There are lots of points you need to contemplate when writing a research report. Exactly like in creatingA business memo examples, it's necessary to have a systematic procedure of organizing a research memo. Without regard to the character of your research, if you're writing a paper an outline can help you to not just organize your thoughts, but in addition act as the template for your whole paper. A superb outline is easily the most significant step in writing a great paper. A research outline template is helpful in regards to this scenario. Make the very first outline tentative.

Essay on The American Education System Free Essays

The amount and sort of knowledge being captured by firms these days is staggering. The abundance  of information, combined with the poor  availableness  of powerful  knowledge  analysis tools, has given rise to a data  rich but  poor data condition. The widening gap between  information  and knowledge  has generated  a  pressing  want  for brand spanking new techniques  which can  flip  these  immense  amounts  of knowledge  into â€Å"golden nuggets†Ã‚  of information. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on The American Education System or any similar topic only for you Order Now This realization, spawned from four years of  my undergrad  studies, has  motivated  me  to figure  towards  changing me into  a veteran  within the  field  of information  Technology. To this end,  I’m  very  excited  to apply  and  in fact  study at Northeastern University’s Master’s in  skilled  Studies in Analytics. A successful Systems Analyst, has a perfect blend of analytical, managerial and communication skills, creativity and spirit of teamwork. My undergraduate education at D. Y. Patil College of Engineering and Technology – one of the foremost institutes in my region – affiliated to Shivaji University, has played a key role in developing these skills. It has given me a comprehensive exposure to courses like Database Management Systems, Data Warehousing and Mining. My proficiency in languages such as C, C++, and SQL has established a solid framework towards accomplishing my objective. Through different testing ventures, I picked up knowledge to how the IT business functions. From building up a database administration system for my web application, I understood that while arranging toward the starting, collaboration is critical, cooperation is the way to the fruitful usage of undertaking. These undertakings associated with utilization of what was taken after inside the classroom and gave a dynamic practice with programming languages like PHP, HTML, XML, and MySQL. Courses like ‘Communication Skills’ and ‘Presentation and Communication Techniques’ upgraded my relational aptitudes which I had used to effectively execute my projects. In the last year of my Bachelor’s degree, I worked on a project titled ‘Know Your Trade’ that went for building up a web application for the automation and maintenance of manufacturing progress of orders for the company ‘Nutrich Foods Pvt. Ltd.’, based in Kolhapur. In a joint effort with three of my partners, I achieved the objectives of making intuitive web application which enables user to create purchase and dispatch processing notes, view results of statistical analysis as well as output of the cashew cutting machine. Finishing these colossal assignments reinforced my investigative and critical thinking aptitudes. The most striking element of this project was the weight sensing by the load sensor. This web application can be utilized as a part of any commodity industry. The project was granted as the best project by the organization Nutrich Foods Pvt. Ltd. This task has infused in me the organizational abilities adequate to organize work and oversee time viably keeping in mind the end goal to meet approaching due dates without compensating the quality of the output. The mounting misuse of computers and expanding risk to individual protection has stimulated my enthusiasm for the field of Data Security. To protect critical information from getting harmed, a sound security framework is of most important for any association. In this way, to strengthen my foothold on Data Security, I completed a certification course on Microsoft Technology Associate-Security Fundamentals and scored 83% in the course offered by the Microsoft. This provided me the advanced skills needed to secure electronic assets, prevent attacks and build a secured network. It has also given me hands-on training on projects, and a profound knowledge about Network Security, Operating System Security, Security Layers, and Security Software. During the term time at my college I have also participated in extracurricular activities like Presentations, seminars and organizing events that gave me a platform to interact with people from different background and with diverse culture which has helped me to learn more about social world. I have worked as volunteer for National Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering Architecture (NCETETA) held at Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Engineering and Technology. Participated in Smart India Hackathon 2017 held in Chennai (the main motto of this event was to find out the solutions for the social problems which was identified by the ministries and government departments of India, where the participants have to sit locked in for 36 hours to develop the solution!) Even I stood 1st for poster presentation for Environmental Awareness Programme held at Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Engineering and Technology. Among the entire education system, the American education is considered to be one of the best world-wide because of its excellent combination of theoretical and practical knowledge which I believe is a perfect solution for a student for his/her understanding. Getting enrolled in an American university would help me to learn and develop the required practical skills which I believe is needed for me. This is because of the programs taught in the university have well organised and structured curriculum which is perfectly suitable for the field that I am looking forward to stepping in. Among all the programs related to computer networks the MPS in Analytics program at Northeastern University looked eminent as the master’s program covers the areas of critical importance to IT employers, such as – Probability and Statistics, Enterprise Analytics, Information Architecture, Information Security Governance, Data Management and Big Data, Predictive Analytics, Data-Driven Decision Making, and also GIS -and provides significant scope for career opportunities. All these units certainly ensure a good and strong career ahead. The program at Northeastern University is suited for my goals as the faculties and the way the program is designed is quite impressive. I believe that to get linked with such faculties and program would give me a great opportunity to pursue my career in Analytics. I was also surprised by the facilities available at your university. As I discussed about this with my undergraduate professor, he also backed my decision to pursue my higher education at your esteemed university. I am confident, and I believe that with the required teaching I can be shaped into a well-balanced individual. I look forward in joining your esteemed university as a postgraduate student at computer science department. Archana ViswwaranjanIndia How to cite Essay on The American Education System, Essays

Music Appreciation Test Essay Example

Music Appreciation Test Paper What music element has the most direct appeal to the audience? The melody Define melody a succession of single tones or pitches perceived as a unit Define range the distance between the highest and lowest tones of a melody What is the distance between two pitches called? an interval Define conjunct a melody that moves in small, connected intervals What type of symbol are musical sounds represented by? a note A term referring to loudness or volume is: amplitude How is a melody characterized? by range, contour, and movement Why is Beethovens Ode to Joy easy to sing? It is conjunct A unit of meaning within a larger structure of a melody is called: a phrase Define cadence the resting place at the end of a phrase, like a period or comma in a sentence Define climax the striking emotional effect created by the high point in a melodic line Define countermelody one melody over the other (added to or played against) T or F: Most musical cultures share the concept of melody or musical line True T or F: A musical note is the symbolic representation of a sound with pitch and duration True T or F: The length or size of a vibrating object has no effect on pitch False T or F: Melodies that move principally by small, connected intervals are conjunct True T or F: The phrases in the tune Amazing Grace are of unequal length False How is the melody, The Star-Spangled Banner, best described as? Disjunct Music is propelled forward in time by: Rhythm Whats the element in music that organizes movement in time? Rhythm Define beat the basic unit of rhythm that divides time into equal segments What are accented beats? beats that are more strongly emphasized than others Organizing patterns of rhythmic pulses are called: meters A meter is marked off in groupings known as: measures Define downbeat the first accented beat of a measure What is the metric pattern in which a strong beat alternates with a weak one? duple meter Which meter would most likely be associated with a march? duple In a triple meter, the strongest pulse occurs on: the first beat Meters in which each beat is subdivided into three rather than two are known as: compound meters In sextuple meter, the principal accents usually fall on: beats 1 and 4 What is America (My country tis of thee) is an example of? triple meter Greensleeves is a _______________ meter compound When a song begins on the last beat of a measure, it is said to begin with: an upbeat Define syncopation the deliberate shifting of the accent to a weak beat or an offbeat Define polyrhythm the simultaneous use of two or more rhythmic patterns Music that moves without a strong sense of beat or meter is called: nonmetric T or F: The element that organizes movement in time is called harmony False T or F: Measures mark off groupings of beats, each with a fixed number that coincides with the meter True T or F: Meter is the measurement of musical time True T or F: Meter us an organizing principal shared by music and poetry True ________ is typical of African-American dance music and spirituals Syncopation Does all world music feature a strong regular pulse or beat? No Define harmony the combination of different musical notes played or sung at the same time to produce a pleasing sound Harmony is to music as __________ is to painting perspective The distance and relationship between two tones is referred to as: an interval Define chord a combination of three or more tones that make a single block of harmony What is a collection of pitches arranged in ascending or descending order called? a scale What is an interval of 8 notes called? an octave Define triad most common chord type found in Western music, a three-note chord, built on alternate scale steps Define tonic the first note of the scale The principle of organization around a central tone is called: tonality T or F: Dissonance sustains a sense of stability False Define dissonance a combination of tones that sounds discordant, unstable, or in need of resolution What term describes a concordant or agreeable combination of tones? Consonant T or F: Harmony is important to most non-western musical cultures False T or F: A triad is a chord made up of three tones True T or F: Three alternate notes of a scale, sounded simultaneously, form a triad True T or F: Melody and harmony function independently of each other False T or F: The two scale types commonly found in Western music from about 1650 to 1900 are major and minor True Has music grown more consonant through the ages? No How many notes in a scale does an octave span? 8 In Western music, the octave is divided into how many equal intervals? 12 What is the smallest interval in our Western musical system called? a half-step A twelve-tone scale, including all the semitones of the octave, is called: chromatic The musical symbol # represents a: sharp On the piano, what is the black key between the white keys C and D called? C-sharp or D-flat Tonality means that we hear a piece of music in relation to a central tone, called: the tonic Define tonality the principle of organization whereby we hear a piece of music in relation to a central tone Define key a group of related tones with a common center In a major scale, between what pairs of tones do half steps occur? 3, 4 .. 7,8 What characterizes the minor scale? it has a lowered third degree Define diatonic music based on the seven tones of a major or minor scale The _________ era is where chromatic music is most frequently associated Romantic Pentatonic scale = how many notes? 5 Western art music does not frequently use the what scale? Pentatonic scales What is an interval smaller than our semitone, or half step, called? microtone The triad built on the first note of the scale is called: the tonic What is the tonic chord represented by? (the roman numeral for 1) The dominated chord is represented by what symbol? V (roman numeral) (roman numeral for 5) In harmony, a place of rest and return is: the tonic What are the three basic triads in our musical system? Tonic, dominant, and subdominant What remains the same when a melody is transposed to another key? the shape of the melodic line T or F: In western music, the octave is divided into seven equal parts, which makes up the chromatic scale False T or F: All musical cultures of the world divide the octave into twelve equal half steps False T or F: A sharp lowers the tone by a half step False T or F: A key refers to a group of related tones with a common center, a tonic, toward which the tone graviate True T or F: A major or minor scale can begin on any of the twelve semitones of the octave True Define texture thickness in music. for example, the more instruments you use, the thicker the texture. also use in range or width A texture featuring a single, unaccompanied line is called: monophony What was the predominant texture used in music up to about one thousand years ago? Monophonic What is traditional music of the Far East largely? monophonic Define heterophony A melody combined with an ornamented version of itself (often heard in jazz) is a texture What is the resulting texture called when two or more independent melodic lines are combined? polyphony What is the texture that combines two or more simultaneous melodic lines polyphony Define homophony A texture in which a single voice takes over the melodic interest while the accompanying voices are subordinate Define homorythm the texture in which all the voices move in the same rhythm Define imitation when a melodic idea is presented in one voice and then restated in another Define canon a strict composition with imitation throughout What is a simple/familiar type of canon called? a round T or F: A single-voiced texture is called monophony True T or F: Traditional music of the Middle and Far East is typically polyphonic False Define counterpoint the art of combining two or more simultaneous melodic lines T or F: The art of counterpoint is most closely associate with monophonic texture False T or F: A heterphonic texture frequently occurs in music involving improvisation, such as jazz. True T or F: Most compositions use one type of texture exclusively. False Define tempo the rate of speed at which a piece of music is played What emotional response would most likely be associated with an accelerating tempo? agitation Music that is despairing and sad usually has a ___________ tempo slow In what language are tempo markings generally given? Italian What is the marking for a slow tempo? adagio Accelerando is a term indicating that the tempo is: getting faster Define dynamics the degree of loudness and softness, or volume, at which music is played What is the symbol of growing louder Define crescendo the gradual swelling of the volume of music T or F: The tempo indicates the loudness of music False T or F: The tempo of a piece affects its mood and character True T or F: Allegro is an Italian term for a fast, cheerful tempo True T or F: The degree of loudness and softness in music is called dynamics True Is texture a property of a musical sound? no Define timbre the quality of sound that distinguishes one instrument or voice from another What does the term, timbre, refer to? the color of a tone A mechanism that generates musical vibrations and launches them into the air is called: an instrument Define register a specific area within the range of a voice or instrument, such as high, middle, or low What are the standard ranges of the human voice from highest to lowest? SATB (soprano, alto, tenor, bass) What is the (generally accepted) term for the high male vocal range? Tenor Define chordophones instruments that produce sound from a vibrating string Define aerophones instruments that produce sound by using air as the vibrating means How do idiophones produce sound? by shaking, scraping, or striking the instrument itself Drum-type instruments fall into the category of: membranophones T or F: In some cultures, womens voices are preferred for certain styles of music True T or F: Flutes and whistles are classified as idiophones False T or F: A guitar is an example of a chordophone True The instruments of the Western orchestra are categorized in four groups. What are those four groups? SBPW (strings, brass, percussion, and woodwinds) Of bowed string instruments, what is the highest to lowest in range? violin, viola, cello, double bass Define pizzicato the special effect produced on a string instrument by plucking the string with the finger In string play, the rapid movement of the wrist creates a throbbing effect called: vibrato What is double stopping? playing on two strings at once What is the device placed on the bridge of string instruments to muffle the sound? a mute Harmonics on a string instrument are produced by: lightly touching the string at certain points while the box is being drawn Chords whose notes are played in succession, as on the harp, are called: arpeggios T or F: Woodwind instruments all have a pipe with holes True What is the highest sounding member of the woodwind family? the piccolo Is a clarinet a double-reed instrument? no Describe all brass instruments they are made of metal, are blown with a metal mouthpiece, their sound is created by the vibration of the lips T or F: The trumpet is a soprano brass instrument sometimes described as possessing a brilliant timbre True T or F: The English horn is the member of the brass family False What is the bass instrument in the brass family? the double bass Timpani are members of the _________ family of instruments percussion What is an example of a pinched percussion instrument? xylophone What is an example of an unpinched percussion instrument? bass drum T or F: the piano has a wide dynamic range True T or F: String instruments are generally played by either bowing or plucking True T or F: The violin was developed by Italian instrument makers around 1600 and 1750 True T or F: The viola is somewhat smaller and higher pitched than a violin False T or F: All woodwind instruments are made of wood False T or F: The term pizzicato means to play in a throbbing manner False T or F: The pipe organ is a wind instrument, sounded by air True T or F: The piano is limited by a narrow range of pitches and dynamics False T or F: The two categories of percussion instruments are pitched and unpitched True T or F: The trumpet is the lowest pitched instrument of the brass family False What is the most recently invented member of the woodwind family? saxophone What distinguishes chamber music from orchestral music? the number of players on each part What is the name for a Balinese of Javanese orchestra made up largely of gongs, drums, and xylophone-like instruments? Gamelan What is the 2/3 of a symphony orchestra? strings Which instruments are traditionally seated in front of the orchestra? strings Define band a rock, jazz, and march ensemble group John Phillip Sousa was a famous composer of? marches What is a jazz band normally made up of? woodwind instruments, brass instruments, and percussion instruments T or F: Specialized choirs that perform with organ are called a cappella ensembles False T or F: Chamber music is intended for a small group of performers, with one player to a part True What is the standard instrument for a string quartet? two violins, viola and a cello T or F: A piano trio is an ensemble of three pianos False T or F: The modern orchestra is typically made up of thirty or forty players False T or F: The upbeat is the strongest in any meter True The preservation of music without the help of written notation is called: oral transmission Define musical style the characteristic manner of presentation of a work The style of a historical period is defined by: the total language of all its artists What is the chronological order of music periods? Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Romantic, Twentieth Century What are the approximate dates for the Renaissance period? 1450-1600s The classical period was followed by what period and then preceded by what period? Baroque, Romantic